This study introduces an energy superstructure for waste management in a large-SCALE FARM. It selects the optimal technologies by optimizing the productivity factor and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission functions. The optimization results show that the optimal solution to maximize the efficiency factor is to use a biogas engine that produces a significant amount of 1695.825 GWh of electricity and 1893.11 GWh of heat in a year. Also, one of the advantages of this scenario is that it is economical and has a good return on investment, which attracts investors to it. On the other hand, the optimal solution to minimize GHG emissions do by using combined heat and power based on gas turbine and carbon capture storage; this scenario emits 114.585 Kton of carbon dioxide per year. It is worth noting that this amount, based on waste management, as well as electricity and heat production, reveals the high value of bioenergy potential.

Soil moisture is of particular importance in the study of water resources and agriculture. The microwave electromagnetic spectrum does not have the physical limitations of other radiometric spectral in measuring soil moisture, but they often have very large pixel dimensions (more than 10 km). In this study, in order to apply soil moisture remote sensing data at the FARM SCALE, using field soil moisture measurement data in the Nishabour plain during 2017-2019, calibration of AMSR2 retrieval data was performed. It turned out that altitude and vegetation changes are among the key factors affecting calibration accuracy. Based on the theory of thermal inertia and with the help of MODIS sensor images, the interactions of the average daily soil moisture and the daily surface temperature difference between the two MODIS and AMSR2 sensors were investigated. Using it, downscaling linear relationships of soil moisture images were obtained to convert the image dimensions from 25 km to 1000 m. Validation of R2 statistical indices with a minimum of 0. 73 and a maximum of 0. 84, MAE and RMSE with a range of 1. 6 to 4, showed that the algorithm used in the downscaling is well able to reflect the interactions between rainfall, soil moisture, vegetation and changes in canopy temperature profile and this feature reinforces its application in agrometeorological studies.

Precise knowledge of all components of water balance is essential to optimize water use in irrigated agriculture. However, water balance components are difficult to measure in required time intervals because their measuring is time consuming and costly. Unsaturated zone simulator models are useful tools for predicting the effects of agricultural management on crop water use and can be used to optimize agricultural practices such as agricultural water use. This research has been done on Wheat irrigated FARMs in Neyshabur plain, that is one of important plains in Khorasan Razavi province. SWAP Agro-hydrological model, was used for simulation of water balance components and crop growth in three wheat fields: Farob Roman, Hajiabad and Soleimani. Input data for model was a combination meteorological and field data. RETC software package was employed to evaluate and calibrate the soil hydraulic parameters, used. Simulation period was selected from October 2008 until early June 2009, in accordance with the wheat growing season. Sensitivity analysis to soil hydraulic parameters showed that the model is more sensitive to a and n coefficients. Also, acoording to presented statistical parameters, the results showed that SWAP is able to simulate water flow in soil, truly. Mean R2 coefficient value was 0.62, Mean Error was between -0.1 to -2.28 and Relative Error was fluctuated between - 0.33 and -12.69. Therefore, calibrated SWAP model can be used as an instrumental tool for calculating all components of water balance in field SCALE, with time and cost saving.

The manure management cycle from collection to application in dairy FARMing was evaluated from environmental and economic aspects for different scenarios including biogas production. For this purpose, manure characteristic is determined regarding the real feed ration composition. Environmental impacts and economic profitability of each scenario was calculated using standards and COMFAR program, respectively. The results showed although biogas production is costly but it is profitable with initial investment of 125 billion Rials (2, 777, 778 € ) and a payback period of about 3 to 4 years. The internal rate of return was calculated as 24% considering a discount rate of 20%. The internal rate of return shows that although this investment is risky, the amount of income is acceptable. Scenario 4 including digestate processing using a mechanical separator followed by composting has the maximum avoided methane emission (-261 kg CO2eq m-3). Emissions mitigation was calculated to be 36% and 17% in scenario 2 and 4, respectively. Solid/liquid separation and sand separation have less impact on emission reduction withy different economic advantages. Regarding the results of this study, a large amount of greenhouse gases and emissions to water and soil has mitigated thank to biogas production.

As a solution to cope with the occurring drought in most regions of the world and Iran, the pressurized irrigation systems have been extensively used. Due to feasibility of implementing these irrigation systems, an extensive pressure could be imposed on groundwater resources, which would be a real threat for sustainable groundwater withdrawal, and the goals of real water saving strategies in aquifers of watersheds will not be met. Analysis showed that it is possible to achieve high irrigation efficiency if the pressurized irrigation systems are correctly and technically designed based on the climate of the region and then installed and performed appropriately. It is realized that sprinkle irrigation systems might not be recommended in the warm and dry climate of Iran, and instead the localized irrigation systems are suggested and favorable over them. Nevertheless, it is necessary to adopt several fundamental management strategies to prevent the occurrence of rebound effect. Some of the main strategies that would potentially prevent rebound effect are including but not limited to restricting the expansion of cultivated areas, considerable increase of water price, volumetric delivery of water to FARMers, changing cropping pattern that is combined with deficit irrigation strategies, crop improvement, and importing virtual water.